Downward Determination in Semiotic Multi-level Systems

Peirce's pragmatic notion of semiosis can be described in terms of a multi-level system of constraints involving chance, efficient, formal and final causation. According to the model proposed here, law-like regularities, which work as boundary conditions or organizational principles, have a downward effect on the spatiotemporal distribution of lower-level semiotic items. We treat this downward determinative influence as a propensity relation: if some lower-level entities a,b,c,-n are under the influence of a general organizational principle, W, they will show a tendency to behave in certain specific ways, and, thus, to instantiate a set of specific processes. Our goal in this paper is to examine the role of downward determination in semiotic systems, conceived as multi-level hierarchical systems

A semiotic analysis of the genetic information

Terms loaded with informational connotations are often employed to refer to genes and their dynamics. Indeed, genes are usually perceived by biologists as basically ‘the carriers of hereditary information.’ Nevertheless, a number of researchers consider such talk as inadequate and ‘just metaphorical,’ thus expressing a skepticism about the use of the term ‘information’ and its derivatives in biology as a natural science. First, because the meaning of that term in biology is not as precise as it is, for instance, in the mathematical theory of communication. Second, because it seems to refer to a purported semantic property of genes without theoretically clarifying if any genuinely intrinsic semantics is involved. Biosemiotics, a field that attempts to analyze biological systems as semiotic systems, makes it possible to advance in the understanding of the concept of information in biology. From the perspective of Peircean biosemiotics, we develop here an account of genes as signs, including a detailed analysis of two fundamental processes in the genetic information system (transcription and protein synthesis) that have not been made so far in this field of research. Furthermore, we propose here an account of information based on Peircean semiotics and apply it to our analysis of transcription and protein synthesis

Philosophy of Ethnobiology: Understanding Knowledge Integration and Its Limitations

Ethnobiology has become increasingly concerned with applied and normative issues such as climate change adaptation, forest management, and sustainable agriculture. Applied ethnobiology emphasizes the practical importance of local and traditional knowledge in tackling these issues but thereby also raises complex theoretical questions about the integration of heterogeneous knowledge systems. The aim of this article is to develop a framework for addressing questions of integration through four core domains of philosophy - epistemology, ontology, value theory, and political theory. In each of these dimensions, we argue for a model of “partial overlaps” that acknowledges both substantial similarities and differences between knowledge systems. While overlaps can ground successful collaboration, their partiality requires reflectivity about the limitations of collaboration and co-creation. By outlining such a general and programmatic framework, the article aims to contribute to developing “philosophy of ethnobiology” as a field of interdisciplinary exchange that provides new resources for addressing foundational issues in ethnobiology and also expands the agenda of philosophy of biology

The Emergence of Symbol-Based Communication in a Complex System of Artificial Creatures

We present here a digital scenario to simulate the emergence of self-organized symbol-based communication among artificial creatures inhabiting a virtual world of predatory events. In order to design the environment and creatures, we seek theoretical and empirical constraints from C.S.Peirce Semiotics and an ethological case study of communication among animals. Our results show that the creatures, assuming the role of sign users and learners, behave collectively as a complex system, where self-organization of communicative interactions plays a major role in the emergence of symbol-based communication. We also strive for a careful use of the theoretical concepts involved, including the concepts of symbol, communication, and emergence, and we use a multi-level model as a basis for the interpretation of inter-level relationships in the semiotic processes we are studying

The Biosemiotic Approach in Biology : Theoretical Bases and Applied Models

Biosemiotics is a growing fi eld that investigates semiotic processes in the living realm in an attempt to combine the fi ndings of the biological sciences and semiotics. Semiotic processes are more or less what biologists have typically referred to as “ signals, ” “ codes, ”and “ information processing ”in biosystems, but these processes are here understood under the more general notion of semiosis, that is, the production, action, and interpretation of signs. Thus, biosemiotics can be seen as biology interpreted as a study of living sign systems — which also means that semiosis or sign process can be seen as the very nature of life itself. In other words, biosemiotics is a field of research investigating semiotic processes (meaning, signification, communication, and habit formation in living systems) and the physicochemical preconditions for sign action and interpretation. (...

Emergence of Self-Organized Symbol-Based Communication \ud in Artificial Creatures

In this paper, we describe a digital scenario where we simulated the emergence of self-organized symbol-based communication among artificial creatures inhabiting a \ud virtual world of unpredictable predatory events. In our experiment, creatures are autonomous agents that learn symbolic relations in an unsupervised manner, with no explicit feedback, and are able to engage in dynamical and autonomous communicative interactions with other creatures, even simultaneously. In order to synthesize a behavioral ecology and infer the minimum organizational constraints for the design of our creatures, \ud we examined the well-studied case of communication in vervet monkeys. Our results show that the creatures, assuming the role of sign users and learners, behave collectively as a complex adaptive system, where self-organized communicative interactions play a \ud major role in the emergence of symbol-based communication. We also strive in this paper for a careful use of the theoretical concepts involved, including the concepts of symbol and emergence, and we make use of a multi-level model for explaining the emergence of symbols in semiotic systems as a basis for the interpretation of inter-level relationships in the semiotic processes we are studying

O que está em jogo no confronto entre criacionismo e evolução

Lidar com o embate entre perspectivas criacionistas e evolucionis-tas é parte da realidade de muitos professores de biologia. Neste ensaio buscamos caracterizar esse confronto, sugerindo que ele não pode ser carac-terizado como um “debate”. A seguir argumentamos que a perspectiva cria-cionista, quando apresentada como alternativa excludente à evolução, acaba por trazer prejuízos para o ensino de ciências que vão muito além do ensino da biologia. No final oferecemos algumas sugestões para ajudar professores a se posicionarem diante de perspectivas criacionistas

GENERALIZAÇÕES ECOLÓGICAS

In recent years, several studies about the issue of the existence and status of laws in ecology have been published. This paper is a review which intends to play the role of a critical study guide to the debates about ecological generalizations. A series of studies about generalizations in ecology are critically discussed, as well as some developments of the epistemological discussion about the status of biological laws in the last fifteen years. My position is that biology has generalizations with some degree of nomic necessity and explanatory and/or predictive power. No matter if they are called ‘laws' or not, they play an important role in the construction of biological knowledge and should be investigated in order to give room to a better understanding of their nature and characteristics. Biological generalizations have a restricted domain of application, and a sufficiently developed theoretical understanding is required in order to reach a general abstract scheme for establishing these domains. Therefore, the construction of ecological (and, generally speaking, biological) theories is the way to establish testable generalizations with explanatory and predictive power. Those are not properties that a statement can have in isolation, but only as a member of an integrated set of assertions or a theoretical network, in which each member helps delimiting the domain of application of every other member. This epistemological conception about the relationships and nature of general statements and theories in biology, and, in particular, ecology, has methodological implications, which are addressed in this study.Nos últimos anos, foram publicados vários trabalhos sobre a questão da existência e do estatuto das leis na ecologia. O presente artigo é uma revisão que pretende servir como um guia de estudo crítico dos debates sobre generalizações ecológicas. Uma série de trabalhos sobre generalizações na ecologia é discutida criticamente, bem como alguns desenvolvimentos da discussão epistemológica sobre o estatuto das leis biológicas dos últimos quinze anos. Minha posição é que a biologia apresenta generalizações com certo grau de necessidade nômica e poder explicativo e/ou preditivo. Sejam ou não chamadas de ‘leis', elas cumprem importante papel na construção do conhecimento biológico e devem ser investigadas, de modo que possamos compreender melhor sua natureza e suas características. As generalizações biológicas têm domínio de aplicação restrito e uma compreensão teórica suficientemente desenvolvida é necessária para que se alcance um esquema geral abstrato para o estabelecimento destes domínios. Assim, a construção de teorias ecológicas (e, em termos gerais, biológicas) é o caminho para estabelecer generalizações testáveis, com poder explicativo e preditivo. Estas não são propriedades que uma proposição pode ter isoladamente, mas apenas como membro de um conjunto integrado de proposições ou uma rede teórica, na qual cada membro ajuda a delimitar o domínio de aplicação de qualquer outro membro. Esta concepção epistemológica sobre as relações e a natureza de proposições e teorias gerais na biologia, e, em particular, na ecologia, tem implicações metodológicas, destacadas ao longo do artigo

DIFERENÇAS ENTRE HOMENS E MULHERES: BIOLOGIA OU CULTURA?

DIFERENÇAS ENTRE HOMENS E MULHERES: BIOLOGIA OU CULTURA